2 Methyl 2 Butene H2o

Tabular array I gives the compositions of alkylates produced with various acidic catalysts. The product distribution is like for a variety of acidic catalysts, both solid and liquid, and over a wide range of procedure conditions. Typically, alkylate is a mixture of methyl-branched alkanes with a high content of isooctanes. Most all the compounds have 3rd carbon atoms just very few accept quaternary carbon atoms or are non-branched. Alkylate contains not but the master products, trimethylpentanes, but likewise dimethylhexanes, sometimes methylheptanes, and a considerable amount of isopentane, isohexanes, isoheptanes and hydrocarbons with nine or more carbon atoms. The complication of the product illustrates that no simple and straightforward single-pace mechanism is operative rather, the reaction involves a set of parallel and consecutive reaction steps, with the importance of the individual steps differing markedly from one catalyst to another. To make it at this complex product distribution from ii simple molecules such every bit isobutane and butene, reaction steps such as isomerization, oligomerization, (3-scission, and hydride transfer have to be involved.

Table I gives the compositions of alkylates produced with various acidic catalysts. The production distribution is like for a variety of acidic catalysts, both solid and liquid, and over a wide range of process weather. Typically, alkylate is a mixture of methyl-branched alkanes with a high content of isooctanes. Almost all the compounds have tertiary carbon atoms only very few accept quaternary carbon atoms or are non-branched. Alkylate contains not only the primary products, trimethylpentanes, but also dimethylhexanes, sometimes methylheptanes, and a considerable amount of isopentane, isohexanes, isoheptanes and hydrocarbons with nine or more carbon atoms. The complexity of the production illustrates that no simple and straightforward single-step mechanism is operative rather, the reaction involves a set of parallel and sequent reaction steps, with the importance of the individual steps differing markedly from ane catalyst to another. To get in at this complex production distribution from 2 simple molecules such equally isobutane and butene, reaction steps such as isomerization, oligomerization, (3-scission, and hydride transfer have to be involved.

When -butenes are used, the initiation produces a secondary carbenium ion/butoxide. This species may isomerize via a methyl shift (Reaction (2)) or accept a hydride from isobutane to form the tertiary butyl cation (Reaction (3)). Isobutylene forms the tertiary cation direct. [Pg.260]

All the same, coUisional deactivation in solution is and then constructive that no vibration-ally excited species is present. The reaction of photochemicaUy generated methylene with 2-methylpropene-l-)- C yields, 2-methyl-butene, which is formed past allylic insertion. In the liquid phase 2 % of the rearranged product labeled in the 3-position are formed, whereas in the gas phase 8% of this olefin tin can be isolated. This tin can be interpreted as follows 4% of ii-methyl-butene in solution and 16% of 2-methyl-butene in the gas stage are formed by an abstraction-recombination machinery involving triplet methylene 96). [Pg.108]

Doering and Prinzbach20 photolyzed CH2N2 in the presence of ii-methylpropene one-14C in the liquid stage and in the gas phase at 400 mm. The product ratios (Table Two) in the liquid were quite similar to the high pressure values of Frey and Knox et al., although Doering and Prinzbach likewise study no three-methylbutene-50. The chief object of this work was to study the mechanism of the insertion reaction of methylene into CH bonds. The product two-methyl-butene-50, which is formed entirely by insertion and not past isomerization, was separated from the reaction... [Pg.241]

The mechanism of Lewis acid-catalysed ene reactions was studied for reaction of 2-methyl-butene 44 with formaldehyde in the presence of diethylaluminium chloride in toluene 92... [Pg.182]

Ene-additions of alkenes and dienes to silene vi are considerably slower than [2 + 4]-cycloadditions. cA-Substitution in the ene component of the reaction causes a small acceleration in charge per unit relative to fraws-substitution, as illustrated in Tabular array 2 by the relative charge per unit constants for reaction of 6 with cis- and rraws-2-butene. Reaction with cis, trans-ii,4-hexadiene produces only a single adduct (66 equation 51), corresponding to selective ene-reaction with the cA-methyl group in the diene. [Pg.987]

A C5 synthetic unit of measurement which has ylide functionality and which is likewise accessible from two-hydroxy-2-methyl-but-3-enal-dimethylacetal (27) has proved suitable particularly for the synthesis of apocarotenals. The copper-catalyzed reaction of (27) with triphenylphosphine (xv) in the presence of aqueous acid leads to 4-triphenyl-phosphonium-two-methyl-buten-2-al (33). The bifunctional C5 ylenal (34), which is important for carotenoid syntheses, is formed therefrom with proton acceptors. [Pg.177]

These findings are in agreement with Friedman and Morritz s (169) data which indicate that when benzene was alkylated with three-methyl-butene-one and A1C13 catalyst at 21° C. largely 2-phenyl-3-methylbutane formed (1,2 reaction) whereas at —twoscore °C. almost exclusively 2-phenyl-ii-methylbutane was obtained (1,iii reaction). [Pg.534]

Kuraray An intermediate for three-methyl 1,five-pentane diol Rh4(CO)12 with phosphorus ligand equally the precatalyst hydroformylation of 2-methyl buten-4-ol followed by hydrogenation Reaction 5.10... [Pg.98]

The event of electrical fields on the radiolysis of ethane has been examined by Ausloos et and this study has shown that excited molecules contribute a dandy deal to the products. The experiments were conducted in the presence of nitric oxide, and gratuitous-radical reactions were therefore suppressed. The importance of reactions (12)-(xiv) was clearly demonstrated by the utilise of diverse isotopic mixtures. Propane is formed exclusively by the insertion of CH2 into C2H6 and the yield is well-nigh equal to the yield of molecular marsh gas from reaction (14). Acetylene is formed from a neutral excited ethane, probably via a hot ethylidene radical. Butene and a fraction of the propene ascend from ion precursors while north-butane appears to be formed both by ionic reactions and past the combination of ethyl radicals. The decomposition of excited ethane to requite methyl radicals, reaction (xv), has been shown by Yang and Gant °° to be relatively unimportant. The importance of molecular hydrogen emptying has been shown in several studies ° °. ... [Pg.122]

The second stage in the process is required because the MTBE formation is an equilibrium reaction. The temperature needed ( 100°C) to reach a sufficiently high rate of conversion ways a decrease in isobutene equilibrium conversion (XiB = 0.ix at 65°C, Xjb = -0.75 at 100°C). The master side reaction in the MTBE process is the dimerization of isobutene towards di-isobutene (two isomers). Side reactions with essentially no significance are the germination of f-butyl alcohol (due to the presence of water equally feed impurity), the formation of dimethyl ether from methyl booze, and the oligomerization of isobutene towards tri- and tetramers. A (three phase) process is also in functioning which tolerates butadiene. The butadiene/ methyl alcohol reaction is faster than that of the n-butenes but consider-... [Pg.66]

The reaction of hydrogenation of the 3-methyl,butenal could be achieved in gaseous stage on well characterized surfaces of platinum exhibiting a relatively pocket-sized number of agile aloms(- ID15)-... [Pg.472]

METHYL-BUTEN-OL-(iii) (115-18-4) Forms explosive mixture with air (flash point 56°F/thirteen°C). Fierce reaction with strong oxidizers. Reacts violently with aliphatic amines, alkalis, ammonium persulfate, boranes, bromine dioxide, isocyanates, nitric acid, perchlorates, permanganates, peroxides, sodium peroxide, sulfuric acid, uranium fluoride. [Pg.770]

Oxidative rearrangement takes place in the oxidation of the 1-vinyl-l-cyclo-butanol 31, yielding the cyclopentenone derivative 32[84], Ring contraction to cyclopropyl methyl ketone (34) is observed past the oxidation of 1-methylcyclo-butene (33)[85], and ring expansion to cyclopentanone takes place past the reaction of the methylenecyclobutane 35. [86,87]... [Pg.27]

Indene derivatives 264a and 264b are formed by the intramolecular reaction of 3-methyl-3-phenyl-fifty-butene (263a) and iii,iii,3-triphenylpropylene (263b) [237]. Two phenyl groups are introduced into the /three-substituted -methylstyrene 265 to course the /3-substituted /iii-diphenylmethylstyrene 267 via 266 in one pace[238]. Allyl acetate reacts with benzene to give 3-phenylcinnamaldehyde (269) by acyl—O bail fission. The main product 268 was obtained in a trace corporeality[239]. [Pg.56]

Like butadiene, allene undergoes dimerization and addition of nucleophiles to requite ane-substituted 3-methyl-ii-methylene-3-butenyl compounds. Dimerization-hydration of allene is catalyzed by Pd(0) in the presence of CO2 to requite 3-methyl-two-methylene-3-buten-l-ol (1). An addition reaction with. MleOH gain without CO2 to give 2-methyl-4-methoxy-3-inethylene-1-butene (2)[1]. Similarly, piperidine reacts with allene to give the dimeric amine 3, and the reaction of malonate affords 4 in skilful yields. Pd(0) coordinated past maleic anhydride (MA) IS used as a catalyst[2]. [Pg.450]

Hydrometallation is catalyzed by Pd. Hydroboration of fifty-buten-2-methyl-3-yne (197) with catecholborane (198) gives the 1,iv-adduct 199 with 84% selectivity. The ratio of Pd to phosphine (1 1.5) is important[50 ten]. The vinyl sulfide 201 is prepared by a 1-pot reaction of the thioalkyne 200 via a Pd-catalyzed hydroborution-coupling sequence using dppf as a ligand[l xi]. [Pg.495]

Our belief that carbocations are intermediates m the addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes is strengthened past the fact that rearrangements sometimes occur For example the reaction of hydrogen chloride with three methyl one butene is expected to produce 2 chloro 3 methylbutane Instead a mixture of two chloro iii methylbutane and 2 chloro 2 methylbutane results... [Pg.241]

This oxidation process for olefins has been exploited commercially principally for the product of acetaldehyde, but the reaction can also be apphed to the product of acetone from propylene and methyl ethyl ketone [78-93-3] from butenes (87,88). Careflil control of the potential of the goad with the oxygen stream in the regenerator minimises the formation of chloroketones (94). Vinyl acetate can besides exist produced commercially by a variation of this reaction (96,97). [Pg.52]

Bromination in polar solvents usually gives /due north j -3,four-dibromo-2-methyl-three-buten-2-ol in nonpolar solvents, with incandescent calorie-free, the cis isomer is the chief product (194). Chlorine adds readily upward to the tetrachloro stage, but yields are low because of side reactions (195). [Pg.113]

Methyl /-Butyl Ether. MTBE is produced by reaction of isobutene and methanol on acid ion-exchange resins. The supply of isobutene, obtained from hydrocarbon groovy units or by aridity of tert-huty alcohol, is limited relative to that of methanol. The cost to produce MTBE from by-product isobutene has been estimated to exist betwixt 0.13 to 0.16/L ( 0.50—0.60/gal) (90). Directly product of isobutene by dehydrogenation of isobutane or isomerization of mixed butenes are expensive processes that take seen less commercial use in the United States. [Pg.88]

Bromination of isoprene using Br2 at —five ° C in chloroform yields just /n j -l,4-dibromo-two-methyl-2-butene (59). Dry hydrogen chloride reacts with one-third excess of isoprene at —fifteen ° C to form the i,ii-addition product, 2-chloro-2-methyl-iii-butene (threescore). When an equimolar amount of HCl is used, the primary production is the one,4-addition production, l-chloro-3-methyl-2-butene (61). The mechanism of addition is substantially all 1,2 with a subsequent isomerization step which is catalyzed by HCl and is responsible for the formation of the 1,four-product (threescore). The 3,4-product, three-bromo-ii-methyl-1-butene, is obtained by the reaction of isoprene with 50% HBr in the presence of cuprous bromide (59). Isoprene reacts with the reactive element of group vii of three-chlorocyclopentene (62). [Pg.465]

MEK is a colorless, stable, flammable Hquid possessing the characteristic acetone-type aroma of low molecular weight aUphatic ketones. MEK undergoes typical reactions of carbonyl groups with activated hydrogen atoms on adjacent carbon atoms, and condenses with a variety of reagents. Condensation of MEK with formaldehyde produces methylisopropenyl ketone (3-methyl-iii-buten-2-one) ... [Pg.488]

Linear terminal olefins are the virtually reactive in conventional cobalt hydroformylation. Linear internal olefins react at less than 1-third that rate. A single methyl co-operative at the olefinic carbon of a last olefin reduces its reaction rate by a factor of 10 (2). For rhodium hydroformylation, linear a-olefins are once more the nigh reactive. For example, 1-butene is most 20—40 times as reactive as the 2-butenes (three) and nearly 100 times as reactive as isobutylene. [Pg.465]

Singlet oxygen reacts with olefins presumably by the "ene" reaction to form allyflc hydroperoxides (45,57), eg, l-methyl-2-propenyl hydroperoxide [20733-08-8] is produced from 2-butene (eq. 19). The regioselectivity of this reaction has been investigated (58). [Pg.105]